Robert lynn canady s grading and scheduling workshops. Many school leaders have responded to national, state, and local reform mandates. A study based on technology education teachers in the state of wisconsin. Dream is based on the premise that school systems can improve student performance through a more transparent, strategic, and researchbased use of district resources. Flexible scheduling is defined as a restructuring of the school day from an equal number of minutes in six, seven, or eight periods to an alternative format providing for substantially longer periods and a variety of learn. Robert lynn canady is professor emeritus at the curry school of education and senior education consultant for the center for state and national programs for educators at the university of virginia, charlottesville.
Additionally, by allowing for larger time blocks, flexible scheduling reduces the amount of time that students spend out of. Types of block schedules there are many types of block schedules with infinite variations. According to canady and rettig 1995, many teachers have moved away from the traditional format of lecturing and need more time in which to accomplish new instructional strategies. A block schedule provided longer but fewer periods each school day and, throughout a school year, provided more time slots for courses than the traditional six or sevenperiod daily schedule. School policies and grading practices that increase the odds for student success andor failure. Documents virginias history of adoption and implementation of block scheduling, highlights common forms of block scheduling, and describes mistakes that caused schools to abandon block scheduling. Rettig, michael d canady, robert lynn school administrator, 2003. Designing schedules to support professional learning communities plcs need common planning, teaching, intervention, and enrichment times. Describes three key variables time, teachers, and students in the use of. A survey of factors influencing high school start times amy r. The impact of block scheduling on student achievement, attendance, and discipline at the high school level a dissertation submitted to the. Alternative scheduling continues to augment the learning environments in the schools across the nation. A 1997 study of florida high schools, commissioned by the florida educational research council, reveals that the block schedule is in place in as many. Getting ready for the block he literature on methods for preparing to move to a block schedule recommends involvement by representatives from all groups who will be affected by the change canady and rettig 1996.
Block scheduling, school schedules, and use of time in school. For both formats the functionality available will depend on how you access the ebook via bookshelf online in your browser or via the bookshelf app. This acclaimed book by robert lynn canady is available at in several formats for your ereader. Canady and rettig 1993 contend that the block schedule format ensures fewer pass times between classes which translates to fewer opportunities for student disruptions. Block scheduling a catalyst for change in high schools. Phi delta kappan december 1993 unlocking the lockstep high school schedule we must view a schedule not simply as a barrier blocking the path to school improvement, but as an untapped resource that can be drawn on to solve problems and implement needed programs, messrs. Keller 1997 looked at block scheduling alongside the characteristics of science education reform and constructivist learning theory and concluded, it appears that all three sets of characteristics combined should be compatible in fostering student achievement p. Designing schedules to support professional learning. A catalyst for change in high schools library of innovations. Using socratic seminars for meaningful class discussion. Title how the 4 x 4 block schedule has effected technology education. A feeling of trying to beat the clock is common when only being allotted 4550 minutes of traditional instructional time. Maximizing resources for student success tentative title. Block scheduling rettig michael d canady robert lynn pdf.
The research concerning the effects of block scheduling indica tes that the system has many. Japanese teachers work a 240day school year, about 60 days longer than the typical u. Nmsa research summary flexible scheduling january 2007. Clicking on the links below will download the sample pdf handouts used with michael rettig s workshops. Ed424788 1998 scheduling foreign languages on the block. They continue by stating that with the new schedule. Carskadon the present study surveyed high school personnel regarding high school start times, factors influencing school start times, and decision making around school schedules. They feared that under a block schedule, student attentiveness might be reduced, gaps in sequential instruction might harm student learning, and students would complete less homework kramer, 1997a. American psychological association apa publication manual. The power of innovative scheduling robert lynn canady and. With over 150 sample schedules, this book shows how scheduling strategies can enhance your schools capacity to offer exploratory courses, interdisciplinary teaching teams, teacherbased guidance programs, and other programs and practices which are responsive to the needs of early adolescents.
Language arts journal of michigan volume 17 issue 1whats cool in your school article 5 112001 blank stares and bright balloons. Math teachers had concerns specific to instruction on the block. Canady and rettig 1996 state several criticisms of the traditional high school. Scheduling strategies for the prevention and rescue of. Several elementary and middle schools across the country are using it to provide mathematics instruction to heterogenous groups. Canady and rettig 1995a strongly emphasize, a schedule can be viewed as a resource. Statement of the problem the purpose of this study is to discover teachers attitude towards the effectiveness of a block scheduling design as perceived by wisconsin agricultural education instructors teaching in a block. There was a time when an individual teacher used to own a classroomboth preparing and teaching lessons within the same classroom. Today, a classroom may be used by two or three teachers as they migrate between several classrooms in the course of one day. A catalyst for change in high schools library of innovations rettig, michael d. This year we plan on making your second home a safe. High failure rates in required mathematics courses.
Article information, pdf download for block scheduling. Canady and rettig 1995 estimated that more than 50% of secondary schools in america implemented or considered utilizing some form of an alternative schedule. The digital object identifier doi is a unique number for academic journals, and may be located by searching the title of the article at crossref. Click on one of the below links to see the document in. Rettig is a professor at the college of education at james madison university, harrisonburg, va. A catalyst for change in high schools, by robert l. Buy the scheduling strategies for middle schools ebook. Queen, 2000, while staunton 1997 noted that teachers with more years of teaching experience with block scheduling had. Please note that these are considered broad types of block schedules.
Proponents of school reform often view block scheduling as a. Trends and issues in high s h l s h d li chool scheduling. A survey of factors influencing high school start times. The debate of how to structure the school day for teachers and students to reach such high standards rages on. Canady and rettig 1995 estimated that more than 50% of high schools in america implemented or considered utilizing some form of an alternate schedule. For example, the canady and rettig 1995 text alone includes approximately 100 diagrams of specific ways block scheduling can be. Rettig and canady maintain that a handful of factors are motivating middle and high schools across the united states to adopt block scheduling. Libreoffice long courses merely the nook book ebook of the block scheduling bringing all the data together for continuous school improvement by michael d rettig. Restructuring middle level schedules to promote equal access. Students continue to be responsible for six to eight. A general presentation regarding the pros and cons of various models of block scheduling visits by teachers, students, parents, and school board members to schools having block schedules panel presentations by teachers from schools operating block schedules. Getting ready for the block 1 t 1 planning and preparing. Surveys were analyzed from 345 secondary schools selected. The power of innovative scheduling educational leadership.
389 65 14 1460 1473 1168 436 431 495 893 1343 342 1141 1174 1045 991 620 982 998 1382 1189 715 1158 1031 1174 880 969 776 1163 699 680 572 538 1439 836 1285 563 99 58 529 96 1468 990 677